Meaning Behind Aussie Battler free essay sample

The film industry determines the way we view our films. Australian films often backup the idea of the ‘Aussie battler/hero’. A battler/hero is known as someone who fights for what they believe in, their country, their heritage, their family, friends, dignity and pride. A battler’s job is to protect and hold onto what they are fighting for, whether it is for the good or for the bad. The Aussie Battler is known for being a working class citizen who commits there heart and soul into their work, land, culture and family. Many Australian films explore the concept of ‘Overcoming Adversity’ and explore into the idea of the ‘Aussie Battler/hero’. Wonderful examples of films that directly look into this idea of the ‘Aussie Battler/hero’, is Ned Kelly (2003) and The Castle (1997). Ned Kelly is a film based in the 70’s/80s about a group of young men, Ned Kelly (Heath Ledger), Joseph Byrne (Orlando Bloom), Dan Kelly (Laurence Kinlan) and Steve Hart (Philip Barantini), also known as ‘the Kelly gang’, fighting to preserve their heritage and remain true to their family. We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning Behind Aussie Battler or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The director of Ned Kelly ‘Gregor Jordan’ has contributed the idea of how overcoming adversity can be problematic and difficult, but can also change society. The Castle a film directed by Rob Sitch is about a man, Darryl Kerrigan (Michael Caton) facing the authority because he believes in fighting for his right to not lose everything he has worked for, for unnecessary government requests. The film industry determines the way people view films. Australian films often backup the idea of the Aussie Battler. An Aussie battler is referred to as someone who fights for what they believe in, their country their heritage, family, friends, dignity and pride. A battlers job is to protect and hold onto what they believe is worth fighting for, whether is is for good or bad. The Aussie battler is known to be a working class citizen who commits their sweat, blood and time into their work, land, culture and family. Many Australian films explore into the concept of overcoming adversity, and look deeply into the understanding the idea of the Aussie battler. Wonderful examples of films that directly look into this concept of the Aussie Battler’ is Ned Kelly (2003) and The Castle (1997). Ned Kelly is a Film based in 1880s about a group of men (Ned Kelly (Heath Ledger), Joseph Byrne (Orlando Bloom), Dan Kelly (Laurence Kinlan) and Steve Hart (Philip Barantini), also known as The Kelly Gang. The gang’s objective is to fight, preserve their heritage and change how the authority treats the Irish. The director of Ned Kelly, Gregor Jordan has contributed the idea of how overcoming diversity can be problematic and difficult, but can also change society’s views and ways. The Castle, a film directed by Rob Sitch, is about a man, Darryl Kerrigan (Michael Caton) facing the authority because he believes in fighting for his right to not lose something that is a big part of his life and something he has worked for his whole life. The events that arise in both films revolving around the characters, reiterate this idea of ‘Over coming Adversity’ and the ‘Aussie Battler/hero’ is emerged through a variety of techniques incorporated from their respective directors. In the first scene of Ned Kelly he is portrayed as a great contribution to society by saving his class mates life from drowning in a river. He received a green hero’s sash. Another scene that also really shows Ned as a battler is where he is chasing one of the authorities through the bushes. Ned shoots the authority multiple times and once he finally stops Ned tells him ‘he would not have shot if he hadn’t kept running’; he also tried to stop him from bleeding but in the end couldn’t and was forced to put a bullet through his heart. A scene where Ned’s image is turned around is where he steals the horse and gets caught from the authority; Ned loses it and threatens the authority which then lands him in jail and from this point on Ned falls into the role of ‘The Aussie Battler’. Ned Kelly belongs to an Irish heritage that immigrated to Australia for a better life, but not realizing what laid ahead for them they were pushed low down in society and struggled to keep an income. The Kelly’s were given a piece of land by the selectors where they were allowed to grow their own crops, producing their own food and founder animals for income. The authorities in Ned Kelly were self-centred and, self-indulged. The way the authority treated the Irish was different to how they treated their own. That’s where the Kelly Gang and the authority differed. Ned was pleasant to everyone he came across, he didn’t chose to harm them, gave them respect and the rights they deserved wether they were his own people or not. The events that arise in both films revolving around the two main character ‘Ned Kelly’ and ‘Darryl Kerrigan’, reiterate this idea of ‘overcoming adversity’ and the ‘Aussie battler’ is emerged through a variety of different techniques that have been incorporated by their respective directors’. In a scene towards the start of the film that shows Ned as a battler is where he is hunting a policeman through the bush lands because he ran. Ned finally guns down the policeman and finds the man lying on the ground in immense pain. Ned tells the policeman ‘he would not have shot him if he had not run’. This scene shows the battler side of Ned because further on in this scene Ned is forced to kill the policeman because there was nothing he could do to save him. The Castle is a classic Australian film the stereotypes the Aussie image but also conveys the message that Australians are tough and fight for right. The Kerrigan family is an admirable representation of the average Australian family. They are tight-knit, willing to help and passionate about sticking together as a family. There is a scene that particularly shows off the characteristics of a battler/ fighter within the castle. This scene is were Darryl is at his court hearing. When the Jury goes on break, Darryl sends out his message to his lawyer who then uses what he says in his debate. By Darryl really expression his true emotions, they win. Darryl Kerrigan resembles the typical Australian father. Although his family isn’t well off and don’t particularly live in a great spot (beside an airport), its home, it all comes from the heart. Darryl is a battler; he supports everyone’s opinions but in the end makes his decisions based upon his beliefs. He doesn’t particularly have a high status in society with him working as a tow truck driver but still manages to stay positive because he doesn’t care what people think of him, he’s a proud Australian. He works and fights for the things he needs and can appeal to ones emotions. He uses his power to battle against the bad to win the good. The directors of both Ned Kelly and The Castle have incorporated a variety of different cinematic techniques that make both films memorable in their own manner. Techniques that come under the branch are Setting, Dialogue, and Costuming, Camera angles and movement and sound. Ned Kelly desires the affect for its audience to become entangled within the films story line and to do this the film must include a range of different and somewhat unusual techniques to gather attention. The setting for Ned Kelly is rather stereotypical to the era the film is set in. Most scenes where the Kelly gang do major work is set on the authority’s side. This is the brighter, more classic, rich side, whereas most other scenes such as fighting and war is done in the bushlands, outback where the Kelly’s feel safe and indulged in their own culture. The lighting in Ned Kelly is very much so leaned to low key lighting. If you notice high key lighting comes into play when the Kelly’s are in the authority’s territory and low key lighting for the rest. The dialogue used in Ned Kelly is very traditional and formal. The authority take on a different role in there dialogue as they used different words, words that come off more offensive and cruel. Costuming is also another very outmoded label. The Kelly’s customarily wore old, scrawny, filthy unwashed clothes. They also were mostly seen in dark long pants and jackets, not a lot of skin was shown which contributed to the aspects of low key lighting. The outcast side of people had scrawny hair, beards and were dressed in dirty clothing. Whereas the upper-class side were dressed in clean cut, brighter coloured clothing that resembled there place in society. In both Ned Kelly and the Castle similar camera angles and movements were used. High Angles where used to show power i. e. the authority standing over Ned making him look weaker and more vulnerable. Particularly towards the start of both films you notice low angles and high angles being used to show authority, but as the films progressed you start to notice the change in angles and where the cameras are positioned. Throughout both films you will notice an establishing shot being used at the start of most scenes followed by either a close up or mid shot, depending wether the scene was to include dialogue where then they would need a close up or just a mid-shot. There were many cuts during dialogue which also showed great importance in what the characters were saying. The castle resembled typical Australian dress standards for that time (Flannelettes, Jeans and bowl cuts). The Authority seemed to be dressed in smart clothing the reminded you of control and responsibility. Dialogue in The Castle was stereotypically an Australian accent. The slang, the way the words are slurred and how the pronunciations of words are carried out. The authority defiantly takes on another type of channel of communication, they talk more proper, formal and tend to shorten their words to sound like they aren’t slurring. The setting in the castle is bright and cheerful. It creates a friendly environment that also shows a real Australian household. They do this by creating a rundown house, not much money and living right next to an airport. The lighting the frames this film is high key. Even when darkness controls the time of the scene light still manages to be the key element to the shots. Both films show and encourage messages about Australia in two completely different but similar ways. Ned Kelly shows a message that stealing is wrong and fighting is not the answer, but fighting for what you believe in, fighting for the right to not let others contradict your life is ok. On the other hand the message about The Castle is exactly the same but carried out differently. The castle shows the fact that Australians are not very materialistic and in general are quite simplistic and positive. Both films also conveyed the message that family is important and supporting that idea of love and trust is what makes life worth living for. Ned Kelly chose reveal the idea of using violence, crime and death to portray its message, whereas The Castle did not. The Castle showed its message through family values, gratitude and reverence. Both of these films had the authority against them, they stuck together and became united as one. By the end of both films we were left with the feeling of knowing and understanding how both families’ fought together. If one was going down they were all going down. What was also so great about these two films is that we could watch them grow from battlers into heroes. Ultimately both films were devised to create a sense of understanding about the Australian culture. For certain message and concepts to be conveyed a range of different techniques had to be used, from characterization, to cinematography. The plots direction leaded to the audience grasping different emotions and challenged the audience to experience a film unlike most modern productions.

Social Analysis essays

Social Analysis essays Does our social background influence our life opportunities and chances? Or does it all depend on the individual? A large body of research evidence indicates that the circumstances in which a child grows up can have an enormous effect on later outcomes, in areas including education, income, employment and self-esteem. (Iacovou, 2003). What's more, despite the opportunities presented by educational, economic and social change, family origins continue to exert a strong influence on adult outcomes. Concepts such as a persons class, gender and ethnicity can have a great influence on the decsions people make in life and the oppprotunities that are presented to them. In order to help argue the case the discussion will refer to a documentary series, it started in 1964 as Seven Up, a memorable edition of Granada's World in Action, when a group of seven-year-olds were quizzed about their views on life and thoughts about the future. That original group was revisited every seven years, by director Michael Apted, to see how their lives and views had evolved. A class exists when a number of people have in common a specific casual component of their life chances in the following sense: this component is represented exclusively by economic interests in the possession of goods and opportunities for income under conditions of the commodity or labor markets. (Marwick, 1980). To Max Weber, writing in the early 1900s, Marx's view was too simple - he agreed that different classes exist, but he thought that "Status" or "Social Prestige" was the key factor in deciding which group each one of us belongs to. So, where we live, our manner of speech, our schooling, our leisure habits, these, and many other factors, decide our social class - he called these different aspects of the way we behave our "Life-Style". Particularly important, he thought, was the way each person thinks about his/her "Life-Chances" - if we feel that we can become a respecte...

The Social Contract Theory Of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau Essay

The Social Contract Theory Of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau - Essay Example It however states that exercising additional rights will entail bearing additional responsibilities while exercising fewer responsibilities will entail fewer rights. Authority is the power invested government or body of government officials in order to enforce laws, command, determine, judge or even exact obedience. On the other hand, legitimacy is the popular acceptance of an authority by a system of governance. Political legitimacy is considered as the main reason for governing. When excising authority a decision made by an individual who has a high rank in the political arena or social sphere, it is expected that people will abide by it irrespective of whether the decision was understood by the society members. For example, a priest has a religious authority over the congregation. Social contract is an agreement done among members of a certain organized society or a government and the governed whereby the government defines and limits the rights and duties of each member of the government. For example in our country, there is a social contract between the governed and the government whereby the governed contribute some money to a government institution in exchange for treatment of a disease or accident. Hobbes believed that the state existed in order to serve the will of the people who can choose to give power to or with hold political power. In this scenario, parties to the contract are the government and the people. Locke contradicted the ideas of Hobbes by arguing that the state was formed as a result social contract because in the state of nature, each individual judged themselves and there was no protection against those living outside the law of nature thereby suggesting that the state be guided by natural law. Rousseau states that civil society has not done anything in order to enforce the equality and individual liberty that was promised to mankind thereby suggesting that the only

CUltural propert - The Treasures of Priam Essay

CUltural propert - The Treasures of Priam - Essay Example As per the recorded modern critical history, Troy and the Trojan War were treated as legends. â€Å"In the 1870s (in two campaigns, 1871-73 and 1878-79) Schliemann excavated a hill called Hissarlik in the Ottoman Empire, near the town of Chanak (Çanakkale) in north-western Anatolia. Here he discovered the ruins of a series of ancient cities, dating from the Bronze Age to the Roman period. Schliemann declared one of these cities—at first Troy I, later Troy II—to be the city of Troy, and this identification was widely accepted at that time.† (Priams Treasure†¦.) Schliemann recounts what happened on the eventful day of May 31, 1873. When the excavation was in progress, he noticed a large copper article and saw gold behind it. With a flash of intuition, he understood importance of the delicate situation and with great presence of mind, announced the lunch break to the large posse of works involved in the job of excavation. He collected the treasure when the workers were lunching. With the help of his wife, he packed the findings in her shawl. The Treasure mainly consisted of A copper shield, a copper cauldron with handles, an unknown copper artifact, perhaps the hasp of a chest, a silver vase containing two gold diadems--the â€Å"Jewels of Helen† --8750 gold rings, buttons and other small objects, six gold bracelets, two gold goblets ,a copper vase, a wrought gold bottle, two gold cups, one wrought, one cast, a number of red terra cotta goblets, an electrum cup (mixture of gold and silver),six wrought silver knife blades (which Schliemann put forward as money), three silver vases with fused copper parts, more silver goblets and vases, thirteen copper lance head, fourteen copper axes, seven copper daggers, other copper artifacts with the key to a chest, The treasure as an art collection. Schliemann smuggled the Treasure out of Anatolia. The Ottoman government revoked the permission granted earlier to dig and put forth claims by suing him for the share of

Anyhting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Anyhting - Essay Example In performing economic estimates, it is prudent to encompass both micro and macro aspects of economics. Economists in the recent past have expressed concerns over the persistent deteriorating economic performance of the rest of the world markets and not the United States (U.S). They are relatively sanguine about the US economic performance outlook . This is after an irregular first half of the year and most economists express confidence that the economy will improve in the second half. On the contrary, they express mixed attitudes towards the other global markets such as the Eurozone, China and Japan. The European market is hard hit by their broken banking system. These outcomes are comparatives based on micro and macro-economic factors in the respective economies. Therefore, as the second half approaches, there is need for economies to critically analyse the underlying macro and micro factors that are likely to slow growth. It is vital to appreciate the forecasts laid by economists and use them effectively in better management of economics events likely to occur. This will assist ensuring sustainability of economic performance not only in the US but rather across other markets. Nick Timiraos. American Exceptionalism. Economic outlook over the next four quarters. Wall Street Journal. 11 Sept. 2014. Web. 11 Sept 2014.

The Ash Content Of A Crude Drug Biology Essay

The Ash Content Of A Crude Drug Biology Essay The ash content of a crude drug is generally taken to be the residue remaining after incineration. It usually represents the inorganic salts naturally occurring in the drug and adhering to it, but it may also include inorganic matter added for the purpose of adulteration. There is a considerable difference varies within narrow limits in the case of the same individual drug. Hence an ash determination furnishes a basis for judging the identity and cleanliness of a drug and gives information relative to its adulteration with inorganic matter. Ash standards have been established for a number of official drugs. Usually these standards get a maximum limit on the total ash or on the acid insoluble ash permitted. The total ash is the residue remaining after incineration. The acid insoluble ash is the part of the total ash which is insoluble in diluted hydrochloric acid. The ash or residue yielded by an organic chemical compound is as a rule, a measure of the amount of inorganic matters present as impurity. In most cases, the inorganic matter is present in small amounts which are difficult to remove in the purification process and which are not objectionable if only traces are present. Ash values are helpful in determining the quality and purity of the crude drugs in powder form. Procedures given in Indian pharmacopoeia were used to determine the different ash values such as total ash and acid insoluble ash. Total ash Weighed accurately about 3 gm of air dried powdered drug was taken in a tarred silica crucible and incinerated by gradually increasing the temperature to make it dull red until free from carbon cooled and weighted and then calculated the percentage of total ash with reference to the air dried drug. Acid insoluble ash The ash obtained as directed under total ash above was boiled with 25 ml of 2N HCl for 5 minutes. The insoluble matter was collected on ash less filter paper, washed with hot water ignited and weighed, then calculated the percentage of acid insoluble ash with reference to the air dried drug. Water soluble ash The total ash obtained was boiled with 25 ml of water for 5 minutes. The insoluble matter was collected on an ash less filter paper, washed with hot water and ignited for 15 minutes at a temperature not exceeding 450ËÅ ¡C. The weight of insoluble matter was subtracted from the weight of total ash. The difference in weight represents the water soluble ash. The percentage of water soluble ash calculated with reference to the air dried drug. b. EXTRACTIVE VALUES Extractive values of crude drugs are useful for their evaluation, especially when the constituents of a drug cannot be readily estimated by any other means. Further, these values indicate the nature of the constituents present in a crude drug. Determination of alcohol soluble extractive value 5 gm of the air-dried coarse powder of Anogeissus latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC) was macerated with 100 ml of 90% ethanol in a closed flask for 24 hours, shaking frequently during the first 6 hours and allowing standing for 18hours. Thereafter, it was filtered rapidly taking precautions against the loss of the solvent. Out of that filtrate, 25 ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tarred flat bottomed shallow dish, dried at 105ËÅ ¡C and weighed. The percentage of ethanol soluble extractive value was calculated with reference to the air- dried drug. The results are recorded in the table. Determination of water soluble extractive value Weigh accurately 5 gm of coarsely powdered drug and macerate it with 100 ml of chloroform water in a closed flask for 24 hours, shaking frequently during the first 6 hours and allow to standing for 18 hours. Thereafter, it was filtered rapidly taking precautions against loss of the solvent. Then 25 ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tarred flat bottomed shallow dish, dried at 105ËÅ ¡C and weighed. The percentage of water soluble extractive was calculated with reference to the air dried drug. The results are given in the table. c. LOSS ON DRYING Loss on drying is the loss in weight in percentage w/w determined by means of the procedure given below. It determines the amount of volatile matter of any kind (including water) that can be driven off under the condition specified (Desiccators or hot air oven). If the sample is in the form of large crystals, then reduce the size by quick crushing to a powder. Procedure About 1.5 gm of powdered drug was weighed accurately in a tarred porcelain dish which was previously dried at 105ËÅ ¡C in hot air oven to constant weight and then weighed. From the difference in weight, the percentage loss of drying with reference to the air dried substance was calculated. d. FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS [Kokate.C.K, 2002; Khandelwal KR 1996]. In the near-ultra region of the spectrum (3000-4000AËÅ ¡) some of the phytoconstituents show more or less brilliant coloration when exposed to radiation. This phenomenon of emitting visible wavelengths as a result of being excited by radiation of a different wavelength is known as fluorescence. Sometimes the amount of ultra-violet light normally present with visible light is sufficient to produce the fluorescence, but often a more powerful source of ultra-violet is necessary, e.g. mercury vapour lamp. It is often possible to make use of this phenomenon for the qualitative examination of herbal drugs. A fluorescence characteristic of the powdered leaves of Anogeissus latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC) was observed in daylight and UV light. Also the fluorescent study was performed on treating the drug powder with different chemical reagents. The observed results are given in table. e. FOAMING INDEX: [Divakar M.C., 1996] Foaming index is mainly performed to determine the saponin content in an aqueous decoction of plant material. Determination of foaming index: Weighed accurately about 1g of coarsely powdered drug and transformed to 500ml conical flask containing 100ml of boiling water. Maintained at moderate boiling at 80-90ËÅ ¡c for about 30min. Cooled and added sufficient water through the filter to make up the volume to 100ml (V1). Cleaned 10 stoppered test tube of uniform dimension were taken and transferred the successive portions of 1,2,3ml up to 10ml and adjusted the volume of the liquid in each test tube with water to 10ml.Stoppered the tubes and shaken them in a lengthwise motion for 15 sec uniformly and allowed to stand for 15min and measure the height of foam. If the height of the foam in every tube is less than 1cm, the foaming index is less than 100(not significant). Here the foam was more than 1cm height after dilution of plant material. If the height of the foam in every tube is more than 1cm, the foaming index is more than 1000. In this case, 10ml of first decoction of plant material is measured and transferred to 100m l volumetric flask (V2) and volume is made to 100ml and followed the same procedure. 5.1. 2. PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS Extraction of plant material:- Petroleum ether extraction:- About 400gm of dry coarse leaf powder of the Anogeissus latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC) was extracted with petroleum ether 2500ml (40-600c) for 18 hrs by continuous hot percolation method. It was allowed to cool to 40oC and then filtered using whatman No.1 filter paper. The filtrate was then concentrated in a rotary evaporator and the extract stored at 4 °C until required. The extract yield (% w/w) from the plant material was recorded. Methanolic extraction:- About 400g of air dried coarse powdered material was taken in 1000ml soxhlet apparatus and soaked with petroleum ether for 2 days. At the end of second day the powder was taken out and it was dried. After drying it was again packed and extracted by using methanol (Changshu yangyuan chemicals, China) as solvent, till colour disappeared. The temperature was maintained at 55 °C-65 °C. After that extract was concentrated by distillation and solvent was recovered. The final solution was evaporated to dryness. The colour, consistency and yield (% w/w) of methanolic extract were noted. S.No. Name of extract Colour Consistency Yield% W/W 1 2 Methanolic extract Petroleum ether extract Blackish brown Blackish green Non Sticky mass sticky oily mass 16.75 1.60Table: 1. Nature and colour of extract of Anogeissu latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC). 5.1. 3 CHEMICAL TESTS: A) Test for carbohydrates 1. Molisch Test: It consists of treating the compounds of a-naphthol and concentrated sulphuric acid along the sides of the test tube. Purple colour or reddish violet colour was produced at the junction between two liquids. (Kokate, C.K et al, 2000) 2. Fehlings Test: Equal quantity of Fehlings solution A and B is added. Heat gently, brick red precipitate is obtained. 3. Benedicts test: To the 5ml of Benedicts reagent, add 8 drops of solution under examination. Mix well, boiling the mixture vigorously for two minutes and then cool. Red precipitate is obtained. 4. Barfoeds test: To the 5ml of the Barfoeds solution add 0.5ml of solution under examination, heat to boiling, formation of red precipitate of copper oxide is obtained. B) Test for Alkaloids 1. Dragendroffs Test: To the extract, add 1ml of Dragendroffs reagent Orange red precipitate is produced. 2. Wagners test: To the extract add Wagner reagent. Reddish brown precipitate is produced. 3. Mayers Test: To the extract add 1ml or 2ml of Mayers reagent. Dull white precipitate is produced. 4. Hagers Test: To the extract add 3ml of Hagers reagent yellow Precipitate is produced. C) Test for Steroids and Sterols 1. Liebermann Burchard test: Dissolve the test sample in 2ml of chloroform in a dry test tube. Now add 10 drops of acetic anhydride and 2 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid. The solution becomes red, then blue and finally bluish green in colour. 2. Salkowski test: Dissolve the sample of test solution in chloroform and add equal volume of conc. sulphuric acid. Bluish red cherry red and purple color is noted in chloroform layer, whereas acid assumes marked green fluorescence. D) Test for Glycosides 1. Legals test: Sample is dissolved in pyridine; sodium nitropruside solution is added to it and made alkaline. Pink red colour is produced. 2. Baljet test: To the drug sample, sodium picrate solution is added. Yellow to orange colour is produced. 3. Borntrager test: Add a few ml of dilute sulphuric acid to the test solution. Boil, filter and extract the filtrate with ether or chloroform. Then organic layer is separated to which ammonia is added, pink, red or violet colour is produced in organic layer. 4. Killer Killani test: Sample is dissolved in acetic acid containing trace of ferric chloride and transferred to the surface of concentrated sulphuric acid. At the junction of liquid reddish brown color is produced which gradually becomes blue. E) Test for Saponins Foam test: About 1ml of alcoholic sample is diluted separately with distilled water to 20ml, and shaken in graduated cylinder for 15 minutes.1 cm layer of foam indicates the presence of saponins. F) Test for Flavonoids Shinoda test: To the sample, magnesium turnings and then concentrated hydrochloric acid is added. Red colour is produced. G) Test for Tri-terpenoids In the test tube, 2 or 3 granules of tin was added, and dissolved in a 2ml of thionyl chloride solution and test solution is added. Pink colour is produced which indicates the presence of triterpenoids. H) Tests for Tannins and Phenolic Compounds: To 2-3 ml of extract, add few drops of following reagents: a). 5% FeCl3 solution: deep blue-black color. b). Lead acetate solution: white precipitate. c). Gelatin solution: white precipitate d). Bromine water: decolouration of bromine water. e). Acetic acid solution: red color solution f). Dilute iodine solution: transient red color. g). Dilute HNO3: reddish to yellow color. I) Test for Fixed Oils and Fatty acids a). Spot test: Small quantity of the extract is placed between two filter papers. Oil stain produced with any extract shows the presence of fixed oils and fats in the extracts. b). Saponification test: Few drops of 0.5N alcoholic potassium hydroxide are added to the extract with few drops of phenolphthalein solution. Later the mixture is heated on water bath for 1-2 hours soap formation indicates the presence of fixed oils and fats in the extracts. J) Test for Gums and Mucilage: a). Ruthenium red test: Small quantities of extract are diluted with water and added with ruthenium red solution. A pink colour production shows the presence of gums and mucilage. K) Test for Proteins and Amino acids Biuret test: Add 1 ml of 40% sodium hydroxide and 2 drops of 1% copper sulphate to the extract, a violet colour indicates the presence of proteins. Ninhydrin test: Add 2 drops of freshly prepared 0.2% Ninhydrin reagent to the extract and heat. A blue colour develops indicating the presence of proteins, peptides or amino acids. Xanthoprotein test: To the extract, add 20% of sodium hydroxide or ammonia. Orange colour indicates presence of aromatic amino acid. 5.1. 4.TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION Determination LD50 value of Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.ex.DC).wall.Gullperr Acute Oral Toxicity Study The procedure was followed by using OECD guidelines 423 (Acute toxic class method) Animals: Adult albino rats (Wister strain) of either sex with weighing 150 180gm were used. The animals were maintained on the suitable nutritional and environmental condition throughout the experiment. The animals were housed in polypropylene cages with paddy house bedding under standard laboratory condition for an acclimatization periods of 7 days prior to performing the experiment. The animals had access to laboratory chow and water. The experimental protocols were approved by institutional Animal Ethical Committee a written permission from in house ethical committee has been taken to carry out (Reference no. JKKMMRF/2010/009) and complete this study. Procedure: Twelve animals (Wister Albino rats, 150-200gm) were selected for studies. The acute toxic class method is a step wise procedure with 3 animals of single sex per step. Depending on the mortality and / or moribund status of the animals, on average 2-4 steps may be necessary to allow judgment on the acute toxicity of the test animals while allowing for acceptable data based scientific conclusion. The method uses defined doses (5, 50, 300, 2000 mg / kg body weight) and the results allow a substance to be ranked and classified according to the Globally Harmonized system (GHS) for the classification of chemical which cause acute toxicity. Most of the crude extracts possess LD50 value more than 2000 mg. /kg of the body weight of animal used. Dose volume was administered 0.1 ml / 100 gm body weight to the animal by orally after giving the dose the toxic signs were observed within 3-4 hours. Body weight of animals before and after administration, onset of toxicity and signs of toxicity like changes in skin and fur, eyes, and mucous membrane and also respiratory, circulatory, autonomic and central nervous systems and somatomotor activity and behavior pattern, signs of tremors, convulsion, salivation, diarrhoea, lethargy, sleep and coma was also to be noted, if any , was observed. Observation No toxicity or death was observed for these given dose levels, in selected and treated animals. So the LD 50 of the Anogeissus latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC), as per OECD guidelines-423 is greater than 2000mg/kg (LD50 > 2000mg/kg). Hence, the biological dose was fixed at 200, 400 and 600mg/kg of body weight for the extract. PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION 5.2.1 Evaluation of Anti-ulcer Activity:- Animals used: Adult albino rats (Wister strain) of either sex with weighing 150 180gm were used. The animals were maintained on the suitable nutritional and environmental condition throughout the experiment. The animals were housed in polypropylene cages with paddy house bedding under standard laboratory condition for an acclimatization periods of 7 days prior to performing the experiment. The animals had access to laboratory chow and water. The experimental protocols were approved by institutional Animal Ethical Committee a written permission from in house ethical committee has been taken to carry out (Reference no. JKKMMRF/2010/009) and complete this study. 5.2.2 Experimental procedure Ethanol induced ulcer:- Male albino-Wistar rats were divided in to five groups of six animals per group and animals were fasted for 24 hrs prior to the experiment in perforated steel cages to avoid coprophagy. Six groups were made as below Group I animals served as normal controls. Group II received 1% CMC (1.0ml/kg p.o) as vehicle control. Group III received 200mg/kg, p.o methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group IV received 400mg/kg, p.o methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group V received 100mg/kg, Sucralfate as standard One hour after the drug treatment the animals were treated with absolute ethanol [5ml/kg] to induce ulcers. The animals were sacrificed after 1hrs and stomach was opened and percentage inhibition of ulcer was determined. (Mozafar khazaei et al., 2006, Paul V. et al 2002, Paul V. et al., 2000) Aspirin induced ulcer:- Male albino-Wistar rats were divided in to five groups of six animals per group and animals were fasted for 24 hrs prior to the experiment in perforated steel cages to avoid coprophagy. Six groups were made as below Group I animals served as normal controls. Group II received 1% CMC (1.0ml/kg p.o) as vehicle control. Group III received 200mg/kg, p.o methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group IV received 400mg/kg, p.o methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group V received 100mg/kg, Sucralfate as standard One hour after the drug treatment the animals were treated with aspirin [200 mg/kg] to induce ulcers. The animals were sacrificed after 1hrs and stomach was opened and percentage inhibition of ulcer was determined. (Mozafar khazaei et al., 2006, Paul V. et al 2002, Paul V. et al., 2000) 5.2.3 BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS:- The stomach was carefully excised keeping oesophagus closed and opened along greater curvature and luminal contents were removed. The gastric contents were collected in a test tube and centrifuged. The gastric contents were analyzed for gastric juice volume, pH, free and total acidity. 5.2.4 Measurement of gastric juice volume and pH:- Gastric juice was collected from ethanol induced ulcer rats. The gastric juice thus collected was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The volume of supernatant was measured and expressed as ml/100g body weight. The pH of the supernatant was measured using digital pH meter. (Canmon DC. et al., 1969, Kannappan et al., 2008, Patil K.S. et al., 2008, Paul V. et al., 2000) 5.2.5 Determination of free and total acidity:- An aliquot of 1.0 ml of gastric juice was pipette out in to a 50 ml conical flask and 2/3 drops of Topfers reagent was added to it and titrated with 0.01N NaOH until all traces of the red colour disappeared and the colour of the solution turned yellowish orange. The volume of 0.01N NaOH was noted which corresponds to free acidity. Then 2/3 drops of phenolphthalein was added and titration was continued until a permanent pink colour was developed. The volume of total alkali consumed was noted which corresponds to total acidity. The free acidity and total acidity was determined using the formula and values are expressed as mEq/l 100g. (Kannappanetal. 2008, Rajkapoor et al., 2002). Acidity = Volume of NaOH X Normality of NaOH X 100 (mEq/L per 100g) 0.01 5.2.6 Ulcer index (UI):- The mucosa was flushed with saline and stomach was pinned on frog board. The lesion in glandular portion was examined under a 10x magnifying glass and length was measured using a divider and scale and gastric ulcer was scored. Ulcer index of each animal was calculated by adding the values and their mean values were determined. (Malairajan et al., 2007) 0 Normal coloured stomach 0.5 Red colouration 1 Spot ulceration 1.5 Haemorrhagic streak 2 ulcers 3 Perforations 5.2.7 Percentage inhibition: Percentage inhibition was calculated using the following formula. (Malairajan et al., 2007) UI ulcer control UI ulcer treated % inhibition = X 100 UI ulcer control 5.2. 8. Statistical Analysis: All the values are expressed as mean  ± S.E.M for groups of six animals each. Analyzed by one way ANOVA and compared by using Tukey- Kramer multiple comparison tests. The values are statistically significant at three levels, ***p 0.05. 5.3. EVALUATION OF DIURETIC ACTIVITY Animals used: Adult albino rats (Wister strain) of either sex with weighing 150 180gm were used. The animals were maintained on the suitable nutritional and environmental condition throughout the experiment. The animals had access to laboratory chow and water. The experimental protocols were approved by institutional Animal Ethical Committee a written permission from in house ethical committee has been taken to carry out (Reference no. JKKMMRF/2010/009) and complete this study. Experimental procedure The method of (Lipchitz et.al., 1943) was employed for the evaluation of diuretic activity. The Male Albino-Wistar rats were divided into four groups of six rats in each as mentioned below. Group I received Normal saline (25mg/kg, p.o) as control. Group II received (400mg/kg, p.o) methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group III- received (600mg/kg, p.o) methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group IV received Furosemide (20mg/kg, p.o) as standard. The animals were fasted and deprived of food and water for 18hour prior to the experiment. On the day of experiment, the group I animals serving as control, received normal saline (25ml/kg,p.o), the group II animals received methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC) leaves (400mg/kg,p.o) and group III animals also received methanolic extract (600mg/kg,p.o), the group IV animals received Furosemide (20mg/kg,p.o), respectively, in normal saline. Immediately after the administration the animals were kept in metabolic cages (three per cage) specially designed to separate urine and fecal matter and kept at room temperature of 25  ± 0.5 ° C throughout the experiment. The total volume of urine was collected at the end of 5hrs after dosing. During this period no water and food was made available to the animals. The parameters taken for individual rat were body weight before and after test period, total concentration of Na+ , K+ and Cl ­- in the urine. The Na+ and K+ were measured by flame photometry and Cl ­- concentration was estimated by titration with silver nitrate (N/50) using three drop of 5% potassium chromate solution as indicator .the results are reported as mean  ±SD, the test of significance (P 5.3.1. Statistical analysis: All the values are expressed as mean  ± S.E.M for groups of six animals each. Analyzed by one way ANOVA and compared by using Tukey- Kramer multiple comparison tests. The values are statistically significant at three levels, ***p 0.05. 5.4 EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC ACTIVITY Animals used: Adult albino rats (Wister strain) of either sex with weighing 150 180gm were used. The animals were maintained on the suitable nutritional and environmental condition throughout the experiment. The animals were housed in polypropylene cages with paddy house bedding under standard laboratory condition for an acclimatization periods of 7 days prior to performing the experiment. The animals had access to laboratory chow and water. The experimental protocols were approved by institutional Animal Ethical Committee a written permission from in house ethical committee has been taken to carry out (Reference no. JKKMMRF/2010/009) and complete this study. Procedures: Eddys hot plate method: The Male Albino-Wistar rats were divided into four groups of six rats in each as mentioned below. Group I received 1% CMC (3ml/kg, p.o) as control. Group II received (400mg/kg, p.o) methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group III- received (600mg/kg, p.o) methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group IV received pentazocine (5mg/kg, p.o) as standard Analgesic activity was performed by using Eddys hot plate (Inco, India) maintained at a temperature of 55 ±1 °c. The basal reaction time of all animals towards thermal heat was recorded. The animals which showed forepaw licking or jumping response within 6-8 seconds were selected for the study. Male Albino rats were divided into 5 groups having 6 animals each and they were divided into 5 groups having 6 animals each and they were fasted overnight during the experiment free access to water. Group first received 1 % CMC (3ml/kg, p.o).Group second, third and fourth received methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.ex DC.) wall. Gull perr leaves of dose 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg, orally as a suspension in 1%CMC solution respectively Group five received Pentazocine (5mg/kg, p.o) as reference drug . 60 mins after the administration of test and reference compounds, the animals in all the six groups were individually exposed to the plate maintained at 55 °c and observations were recorded for 3 hours. The time taken in seconds for fore paw licking or jumping was taken as reaction time. A cut off period of 15 seconds is observed to avoid damage to the paws. The percentage protection was calculated using the formula, Percentage protection = (T/C-1) ÃÆ'-100 where, T is the reaction time of treated group and C the reaction time of control group.

Brave New World Essay -- Literary Analysis, Aldous Huxley

Brave New World written by Aldous Huxley and Nineteen Eighty- Four written by George Orwell reveal characters of the future world that have lost freedom due to the loss of valued qualities. Bernard Marx, Lenina Crowne, and Helmholtz Watson compare to the characters in Nineteen Eighty- Four who were ruled under Big Brother. Bernard, Lenina, and Helmholtz disclose the loss of valued traits such as, responsibility, respect, individuality, and the capability of true love. In the future society Bernard, Lenina, and Helmholtz live in, they lack normal responsibilities. Consequences are unheard of. In Nineteen Eighty- Four Winston and other characters had certain responsibilities. They had to attend work and have children which were their â€Å"duties† but, they did not have to worry about normal responsibilities. They simply had no freedom to do as they please. In Brave New World they used a drug called Soma to escape on their â€Å"holiday.† It became a necessity for them. Lenina always sang, â€Å"A gramme is better than a damn† (Huxley 78). They did not know how to function without their escape drug. Society was dependent on Soma, â€Å"The holiday it gave was perfect and, if the morning after was disagreeable, it was so, not intrinsically, but only by comparison with the joys of the holiday. The remedy was to make the holiday continuous† (103). The characters in Brave New World were responsible for their happiness. They did not ever worry about dealing with any kind of consequences for their actions. They simply did as they pleased and took Soma to fix any type of problem. When John does not follow Lenina back to her room after the day they spent together she begins to tear, â€Å"Drying her eyes, Lenina walked across the roof to the lift. On her way dow... ...Still wearing her shoes and socks, and her rakishly titled round white cap, she advanced towards him. â€Å"Darling. Darling! If only you’d said so before!† (131). Lenina was dying to have sex with John. It was the only way she could express her feelings. She did not love John the way he loved her. Lenina was convinced it was the same because, she did not understand what true love was. Due to the lack of freedom and independence the characters in Brave New World do not have valued qualities. Bernard Marx, Lenina Crowne, and Helmholtz Watson lack many qualities that make one human. In Nineteen Eighty- Four society was ruled under a close watch. They also lacked important valued qualities. Bernard, Lenina, and Helmholtz reveal the loss of valued traits such as, responsibility, respect, individuality, and the capability of true love throughout the novel.

Analysis of Kate Chopin and Her Works

Write a critical analysis of any aspect of â€Å"The Story of an Hour† which you found of interest and significance. Kate Chopin's ‘The Story of an Hour' is a short yet complex piece describing the feelings of Mrs Mallard. This story is overflowing with symbolism and imagery. The most prominent theme here is the longing for freedom. Chopin focuses on unfolding the emotional state of Mrs Mallard which can be separated into three stages: quickly moving to grief, through a sense of newfound freedom, and finally into the despair of the loss of that freedom. A critical analysis of â€Å"The Story of an Hour†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kate Chopin's â€Å"The Story Of An Hour†, in my opinion, is a good piece of literature. It is well written, clearly written, entertaining, and it brings a bit of a challenge to the reader. Starting with the title, Chopin described part of the setting. We already know that everything that happens during this little drama, happens within an hour. This title brought curiosity upon me because I did not realize that many things that could affect one's life could take place in an hour. For example, the recent tragedy in America, within one hour much had happened in the borders of the United States and Chopin's choice of title brought that to my attention, within an hour much could happen that could completely change someone's life. The way the story is written is very straightforward. The author tells you exactly what is happening but still leaves enough room for your imagination to fill in the blanks. For example, when Chopin describes Louise's room with â€Å"the open window, a comfortable, roomy armchair† (page 378), and then goes on to describe what Louise sees outside, she tells us that our protagonist isn't living a bad life monetarily. Louise has a nice comfortable chair in her bedroom where she has a nice view of a square with trees and people. The way Chopin describes the weather follows the same suit. â€Å"There were patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds†Ã‚ ¦in the west facing her window† (page 378). The author tells you what to imagine but there is still room for you to add, for example, the sun shining through the clouds and warmly hitting her face, among other things. Analysis of Kate Chopin And Her Works â€Å"Free! Body and soul free! † Those are the great words written by the great American author, Kate Chopin in â€Å"The Story Of An Hour† in 1894. Her real life stories were her biggest influences in her literature and her unique themes. Perhaps one of her most famous works was her first novel, The Awakening. Some of her other works include â€Å"The Storm,† â€Å"Lilacs,† Madame Celestine's Divorce,† and â€Å"Desiree's Baby. What is Chopin's writing style? What traits are recognizable in all of her stories including the ones mentioned above? More importantly, was feminism a valuable subject in her themes and her life or was she just a normal woman who believed in equality? The answers to these and more questions lie ahead so just sit ba ck and enjoy the ride. To understand Kate Chopin's writing style, you must first understand her life. She was born Katherine O'Flaherty in 1850 to an Irish and French family In St. Louis, Missouri. Her grandmother and great-grandmother lived with them and were great influences in her life and later in her writing. Chopin learned French and female endurance from living in a house full of women. Her great-grandmother also told her stories about her own grandmother, who ran a ferry service and was very promiscuous. She told her stories about women who were daring and women that didn't marry. When she married Oscar Chopin at the age of twenty, the two took a three-month-long honeymoon in Europe where she began writing a journal. They lived together in a small town in Louisiana, which included a community of a lot of different races. She liked to observe different people that lived around her and this soon became one of the main details in her stories. When her husband died, she took over their plantations and ran their store, a bold step for a woman of her time to take (Howard). All of these events in her life can be found in some way or another through her literature, mostly in that of her novel, The Awakening. The Awakening's main character is Edna Pontillier, a woman aware of her sexual cravings and open about them as well. Many see Chopin's novel as â€Å"an explanation of the solitary soul, still enchanted by the primal, charged, and intimate encounter of naked sensation with the astonishing world† (Domestic Goddesses). Although I have never read The Awakening, I'm sure that this theory is true. Chopin believed that it was natural for a respectable woman to have sexual feelings. Her themes generally consisted of love, passion, marriage, independence, freedom, and restraint, all of which are present in The Awakening. Her theme of women winning their self, as a whole is understood when Edna says â€Å"I would give the unessential; I would give my money, I would give my life for my children; but I wouldn't give myself. † The Awakening is

Free Essays on Kafka

Throughout literary history, certain authors are so unique and fresh in their approach to the written word that they come to embody a genre. Franz Kafka is one such author; â€Å"The Metamorphosis† is one of his works that helped coin the term â€Å"Kafkaesque.† Through this novel, Kafka addresses the timeless theme of people exploiting others as a means to an end. He demonstrates this point through showing that a family’s unhealthy dependence on the main character results in that character’s dependence on the family. Kafka’s unorthodox beginning of â€Å"The Metamorphosis† reads as what would seem to be a climactic moment: â€Å"As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect.† The reader is henceforth bound to the story in search of the reason for and meaning of this hideous metamorphosis. Shortly thereafter, the reader may also notice that although Gregor is quite a ware of his condition, given these bizarre circumstances he is not at all in the state of panic one might expect. On the contrary, the insect is frustrated that it cannot get out of bed to go to work! As Gregor tries to rouse himself from bed in his â€Å"present condition,† his observation that â€Å"he himself wasn't feeling particularly fresh and active† is macabre in its passive acknowledgment of the absurdity of his state. This sets the tone for the remainder of the first chapter of the story. Gregor, a person typically not a hindered by â€Å"small aches and pains,† clings to his rational nature as he struggles with the slow-in-coming realization that he is more than â€Å"temporarily incapacitated†. The first chapter ends shortly after Gregor reveals his new form. The sight of the insect elicited an expected reaction; its mother understandably retreated aghast and in shock. Correspondingly, the chief clerk that had been sent by Gregor’s empl oyer, scrambled in flight as he â€Å"had quite slipped from ... Free Essays on Kafka Free Essays on Kafka Throughout literary history, certain authors are so unique and fresh in their approach to the written word that they come to embody a genre. Franz Kafka is one such author; â€Å"The Metamorphosis† is one of his works that helped coin the term â€Å"Kafkaesque.† Through this novel, Kafka addresses the timeless theme of people exploiting others as a means to an end. He demonstrates this point through showing that a family’s unhealthy dependence on the main character results in that character’s dependence on the family. Kafka’s unorthodox beginning of â€Å"The Metamorphosis† reads as what would seem to be a climactic moment: â€Å"As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect.† The reader is henceforth bound to the story in search of the reason for and meaning of this hideous metamorphosis. Shortly thereafter, the reader may also notice that although Gregor is quite a ware of his condition, given these bizarre circumstances he is not at all in the state of panic one might expect. On the contrary, the insect is frustrated that it cannot get out of bed to go to work! As Gregor tries to rouse himself from bed in his â€Å"present condition,† his observation that â€Å"he himself wasn't feeling particularly fresh and active† is macabre in its passive acknowledgment of the absurdity of his state. This sets the tone for the remainder of the first chapter of the story. Gregor, a person typically not a hindered by â€Å"small aches and pains,† clings to his rational nature as he struggles with the slow-in-coming realization that he is more than â€Å"temporarily incapacitated†. The first chapter ends shortly after Gregor reveals his new form. The sight of the insect elicited an expected reaction; its mother understandably retreated aghast and in shock. Correspondingly, the chief clerk that had been sent by Gregor’s empl oyer, scrambled in flight as he â€Å"had quite slipped from ...

The Obstacle Race by Germaine Greer

The Obstacle Race by Germaine Greer Germaine Greer books reflect issues affecting women artists. She is a feminist writer who explores the works of female painters. She looked at the contribution female painters have achieved. In her book, The Obstacle Race, Greer analyses the works and destiny of women artists.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Obstacle Race by Germaine Greer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More She keenly observes why women have not excelled in the field of art. The author points at such issues like social, economic and gender factors as the main cause of women oppression in every aspect of their lives. Greer points out that for women to achieve their true excellence, they have to fight the conventional roles society imposed on them (Nochlin 30). Greer notes that a fundamental obstacle to progress of women is the institution of family. Whereas one should get all the support from family, it is ironical to observe that it is the family w hich is destroying women’s career in arts as well as other fields. Greer gives Marietta as an example. Marietta’s father jealously guarded her to the point of destroying her talent. Though Marietta was a highly gifted artist, there are extremely few traces of her paintings left. Female artists also faced obstacles from potential lovers. These men presented obstacles to prosperity of women artists. Greer uses a character like Frida, whose works and life Diego significantly influenced negatively. The relationships lead to termination of the development and prosperity of female painters as they take the roles of a wife and mother. Greer laments the loss of arts done by female artists. She writes that society’s physical neglect of women painting is worse than cultural vandalism. Greer symbolically equates this to a form of rape. She keeps on referring to neglected oeuvre, which is slowly disappearing. Greer alludes to names, which can longer be remembered. Society c onsiders women painting as non significance leading to their disappearance. This is how the vital part of women’s heritage is missing in history.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Greer demonstrates that women painters who the society gave praise also ended up worse. Excessive praises lead to confinement of women artists. The society saw womanly arts as the solution to those qualities of arts rejected in men’s work. Their paintings failed to survive changing times in history and tastes. People thought that some painting done by women were the works of men. The public subjected successful women painters to gossips related to promiscuity such as Artemisia Gentileschi. Other female artists became the objects of desire for the society. Creative women working in different arts share common obstacles and challenges. These obstacles and challenges range from econom ic, social and to some extent, personal. The politics of male dominance is an issue of concern among women for a long time. The society perceives women artists and their conditions in the art industry from the view point of their male counterparts. John Stuart Mill recognizes the subjectivity and distortion of issues affecting female artists. This situation must be corrected to give an accurate view of women artists’ situations. In fact, Nolchin suggests that women should solve their own problems. The economic situations result into hardship among women artists. Women artists who were not lucky enough to possess considerable fortunes often had their careers at limbo. Nolchin blames the poor economic status of women in society and the education system. At the same time, she points out issues of racism among the dominant whites who could have affected the contribution of female painters in art (Nochlin 50). The social order in society creates social injustice to women artists. History distorts achievements of women artist. This is because there has never been a way to capture achievements of women and reflect them later in an accurate and non distorted way. The cultural ideological of the time subjected women professionalism to inadequacies and biases. Further, feminist scholars note that any question regarding female artists will provoke a chain-reaction, leading to other issues rather than the issue at hand. Talented female artists existed. However, history has never fully investigated their works or contribution to the field of art. Their contributions are neither recognized nor appreciated.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Obstacle Race by Germaine Greer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since the period of feminism movements, the issue of gender and education took center stage. Rosenberg and Thurber bring issues of gender equity into art classroom. Equity requires that differences between men and women be recognized and provided for in gender studies. The authors are extending the same opportunities available to men through recognizing areas of gender inequality and reducing them via art and gender studies. For instance, inequality in recognition of feminist artists can only be addressed through gender and art education (Rosenberg Thurber 140). The studies try to recognize and value the ways in which women are different from men (identity). Women experience sexual, cultural and bodily variations from men, which the society should recognize and celebrate. These scholars put emphasis on enhancing the position of women as artists and projecting their values into artistic life. The study is critical of social equality methods where the male dominance is the norm against which society perceives women, and where women’s position transcends so as to achieve equality. Gender and art studies try to address the socially conceived male dominance nature as the me thods of evaluation seen relevant to social inclusion. The studies address the equality and difference rather than their incompatible oppositions. Gender inequality exists among social and cultural groups. However, gender and art studies show that equality can exist out of mutual respect for each gender, and affirmation of one another in their differences. These studies try to work out a strategy of artists’ group consciousness. Group consciousness will ensure mutual recognition and affirmation of group differences among artists of various forms of arts (Rosenberg Thurber 30). Gender-related ideas and assumptions have affected women’s creative abilities is several ways. Studies suggest that women demonstrate their creative abilities in several ways from aesthetic sensitivity, personal, relationships to public life.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Female artists have realized their creative abilities and expressed them in several spheres of life. This has enabled them to develop their talents. Female artists are in a position of adjusting to problems they encounter. A number of creative women have nurtured their skills throughout due to achievements made by feminism movements. The developments associated with gender equality have sensitized women, and they are striving to have their artistic works gain recognition. For instance, female authors often portray issues affecting them in their works. At the same time, they can demand equal representation in art arena. Gender-related ideas tend to encourage women to minimize the gender gap that previously existed. Historically, society isolated and labeled successful female artists with sexual connotations. People never appreciated and recognized women artists. In fact, their works disappeared due to negligence. Female artists have become more assertive and have demonstrated their v ital and various creative abilities. Gender and art studies show that women have emerged strongly and now competing aggressively with their male counterparts. Nochlin, Linda. Women, Art, And Power And Other Essays. New York: Westview Press , 1989. Print. Rosenberg, Martin Thurber, Frances. Gender Matters in Art Education. Worcester, MA: Davis Publications, 2007. Print.

The Differences between Secondary and Primary Sources Assignment

The Differences between Secondary and Primary Sources - Assignment Example According to her, the secondary sources are the scholarly books that are based on primary sources data but are analyzed, criticized and interpreted and thus restructured. She presents the case of diary entries by Annie Frank from the time she was 13 where Anne discusses her everyday thoughts in details. When they are just extracted but not edited, primary sources can also be used as secondary sources. Secondary sources comprise of publications like books, magazines, and manuscripts. Secondary sources are open to problems generated by translation, misinterpretation, and massive editing of the data while the primary sources are more prone to feelings of the writer. For example, where paintings and exist in good conditions, it would be pointless to edit them for research or historical purposes. That a historian uses primary or secondary sources will greatly influence the credibility of their work. This is because, with primary sources, there is a greater benefit of the doubt as it is in its raw form compared to secondary sources which are heavily adapted. The problems faced by historians during the research are subjectivity, the immense of the work under study, authenticity, the choice of subject to study and problem of historical knowledge. According to Adeoti and Adeyeri, the problem of the choice of study is more menacing. Consider a person interested in studying the evolution of man. The historian has to ask and answer questions such as; does the historical evidence exist? Which part of that has not been possibly covered before?. When the evidence exists, they may be inaccessible to the historian due to bureaucratic and logistical difficulties such as traveling and forgeries.

Answers question based on case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answers question based on - Case Study Example Card is done using digital signatures that accurately verifies whether a certain user has an existing electronic document (Farhoomand & McCauley, 2008, p. 6). TradeCard is very strict never to disclose private information, confidential transaction data, or business details to external parties without permission from the users. Members’ personal identifiable information and confidential transaction data are only shared with other participating business partners and with TradeCard’s coalition partners. TradeCard uses a Global secure site that ensures the client browsers are highly confidential. The server certificates in this site have a strong (a 128-bit) encryption on all transactions between a client’s browser and TradeCard system servers (Farhoomand & McCauley, 2008, p. 7). Data integrity in any transaction is very important to people involved. That is the reason TradeCard system provides a high-level of assurance that unauthorized person cannot alter any data in a transaction. Digital signatures protect integrity of user’s documents in the system. The Global site system can prove the integrity of a document in future by passing the document information and public key into a digital signature verification algorithm. In case of any type of data manipulation, the verification process will be unsuccessful (Farhoomand & McCauley, 2008, p. 11). In its effort to provide secure means of conducting global transactions, beside from the strict application procedures and verifications followed via Thomas Cook and Coface, TradeCard has created a complex security system. The architecture of the system has three built levels of security; these are, 2-factor user authentication, server authentication, and digital signatures The Global Secure Site Certificate secures TradeCard system, where by the Secure site ID ensures the user’s browser is encrypted with the communications encryption of 128 bit for US web browser and 40 bit for an exportable Web browser. Each